General: Information Systems/ Introduction
Introduction Geographic Information
The amount of information available to man has never stopped growing for many centuries.In order to satisfy his ever-growing development needs, the latter has been forced to explore unknown lands or destinations to discover their potential wealth, estimate them, and exploit them. Over time, it has sought and developed technologies and technologies and methods in order to produce more efficient tools, consumer goods or to exploit them.
tools, consumer goods or to travel faster.
Each discovery generated its share of information recorded on various supports allowing one to keep a trace of it to be able to share them with others.
This information concerned in particular the events or the events or remarkable details of the territory.
Their descriptions had to be as accurate as possible in order to faithful as possible in order to allow an audience to perceive the main characteristics without having directly witnessed the main characteristics of the event without having witnessed it directly and to estimate its importance accurately.
An event is described by characteristic details such as its nature and importance, the date on which it took place, and the place where it took place.
The localization was done thanks to place names, references to topographical details, or by positioning on a more or less detailed map.
The sciences and techniques by becoming more and more complex have made impossible the universal knowledge and led to segmentation of knowledge and to a specialization of researchers and technicians, each one having its own needs and its own approaches.
The collection of useful information has required an effort of presentation or synthesis to meet the needs of specialists, especially when a phenomenon concerned several research fields, each requiring
research fields, each requiring thematic information.
research fields, each requiring thematic information.
The diversity of information has obliged us to resort to methods of description that have been refined according to the needs of each specialist and the technological evolutions.
At the time of the navigators who set out to the discovery of unknown lands, the information was written in the very general logbook by the commander of the fleet who scrupulously noted all the events, whatever their nature.
The following expeditions allowed the writing of specialized books thanks to the presence of scientists on board, botanists or astronomers for example, who related the facts or discoveries concerning their field.
The logbook could then be limited to maritime events.
Finally, over the centuries, the successive discoveries and the progress of science allowed the publication of more and more specialized works on extremely specialized subjects in more general fields.
Recently, the arrival of computers and databases has allowed a dematerialization of knowledge while requiring a rationalization of the information in order to adapt to the constraints linked to computers, the natural language used in the books not being adapted to the latter.
Recently, the arrival of computers and databases has allowed a dematerialization of knowledge while requiring a rationalization of the information in order to adapt to the constraints linked to computers, the natural language used in the books not being adapted to the latter.
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Geographic Information
Among all the data manipulated by scientists or engineers, those having the property of being localizable, in an absolute or relative way, is called geographical.
They have followed an evolution similar to the purely scientific data, slowed down however by their
very general fields of use, by the complexity of their manipulation and their creation, as well as by the
absence of powerful means.
very general fields of use, by the complexity of their manipulation and their creation, as well as by the
absence of powerful means.
For a long time, the map has been the federation of this localized information, because it was the only existing medium capable of representing multiple themes containing localized information.
But information needs have
information sources have multiplied and users now demand rapid availability of up-to-date data, as well as rapid dissemination.Many sciences and technologies are involved in the production, presentation, dissemination, and use of
localized data: they are gathered under the banner of Geographic Information.
Its fields of action include the techniques of data capture or more generally of production, formatting, storage, presentation of data as well as the methods allowing their use, in particular those facilitating the analysis of a territory.
A lot of information circulating today is more or less directly endowed with a geometric component.
A lot of information circulating today is more or less directly endowed with a geometric component.
Without the techniques of Geographic Information, the geometric information cannot be made available as quickly as the rest of the knowledge, and analyses can be incomplete without taking into account the neighborhood relations between the treated elements.
It is thus called to be more and more present in the information circuits.
The fact of using information with a geometric component makes it possible to take into account
physical or descriptive properties of the elements of the territory, and the interactions between entities as a consequence of their proximity, their overlap, or their relative position.
The fact of using information with a geometric component makes it possible to take into account
physical or descriptive properties of the elements of the territory, and the interactions between entities as a consequence of their proximity, their overlap, or their relative position.
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General: Information Systems
Often when useful information is dispersed among several users, its access is made difficult, if not impossibly difficult, if not impossible, without a minimal organization and without the help of a tool allowing to search for it: this is the information system.
The difficulty of gathering information generally hinders its use and sometimes its use and sometimes hinders the obtaining of results using elements of information disseminated among several owners.
In addition to the fact that the very knowledge of their existence can be a problem in itself, it is not enough, and the location or the search for information, elements can generate difficulties sometimes insurmountable or too expensive to justify their use.
Intended to gather information and used to information systems have become indispensable tools for any entity managing information.
This information can be financial, technical, or documentary.
These systems gather and manage large amounts of information and allow access to this information by finding the information sought or by indicating at least the place or the place or medium containing it.
These systems gather and manage large amounts of information and allow access to this information by finding the information sought or by indicating at least the place or the place or medium containing it.
The available information is then valorized because its
the organization will allow an advanced consultation, allowing the realization of products with added value (analyses, calculations, references).
They are indeed used to improve the knowledge of an entity like a company, a laboratory, or a library.
the organization will allow an advanced consultation, allowing the realization of products with added value (analyses, calculations, references).
They are indeed used to improve the knowledge of an entity like a company, a laboratory, or a library.
For example, they can help in decision-making by providing measurement tools with the necessary information to describe the state of a part or of the whole of the latter (such as a financial or accounting balance sheet).
By allowing to gather information, they provide a working tool that can be shared by all employees who thus have access to all the information and not only to the one they have or the one that they possess or know about.
They offer the possibility of aggregating data in order to calculate global indicators that meet the needs of decision-makers who must have reliable information, synthesizing the elementary operations carried out, in order to estimate the and capacities of the company.
They also allow simulating situations by calculating the influence of the evolution of one or more parameters on the others or on the global balance sheet.
They provide the data and associated processing allowing to carry out syntheses and various analysis.
Data are often managed by means of database management systems (DBMS) which
storage of data of all kinds, then carry out the research, the extraction, and the presentation of
the information necessary for the treatments required elsewhere.
Data are often managed by means of database management systems (DBMS) which
storage of data of all kinds, then carry out the research, the extraction, and the presentation of
the information necessary for the treatments required elsewhere.
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