General principles of GIS
CHAPTER1: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
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GIS: geographic information system / GIS TRAINING
GIS: multiple definitions
- a particular type of database used to manage objects associating descriptive data to the localized physical entity
- tool storage, management, and exploitation of spatial information
- a computer tool enabling mapping of production from a spatial database
- an approach that integrates a technology package (software), informative (geographical data) and a precise methodology
GIS: main functionalities
- Digital capture and storage of plans and maps
- Diagraming, organization, structuring, archiving of geographical information
- Management of collections of localized and non-localized objects
- Administrative management (e.g. land registry) and data sharing between users
- Metric calculations (distances, areas, perimeters, volumes), positioning and geographical
- projectionsTechnical and engineering calculations (visibility, optimal routes, etc.)
- Spatial analysis, statistics, and classifications, geostatistics &&&&&&
- Aerial and space remote sensing
- Geo-referencing, image management, and processing
- Simulation and modeling
- Digital terrain models, geomorphology, hydrology, hydrology, flow
- Cartographic editing, automatic mapping, statistical mapping Internet and remote interrogation
Example: Use remote sensing to create or update geographic data
- One main advantage: by bringing together in the same set different collections of localized objects, a GIS allows objects from different collections but located "in the same place" to be linked. Generally speaking, a GIS uses localization to connect objects
- Facilitates answers to questions such as "why here and not elsewhere"
GIS: historical
The years 1960-1970: the beginnings
- military applications, natural resource studies, urban information systems
- Systems development in raster mode
- Development of computational geometry
- Computer ramping
- industrial design systems for vector
- Development of automatic mapping systems
- Development of remote sensing
1980: consolidation
- Large databases and development of the theory of databases (relational model)
- Development of graphical interaction and workstations (SUN, APOLLO)
- GIS Development (raster-vector, statistics, mapping, etc.)
1990: broadcasting
- Industrialization and distribution of GIS technology
- Microcomputers replace stations
- Development of graphics hardware cheap
- Integration of data from different sources (aerial and satellite remote sensing, GPS)
- Applications in all areas with ties to the location
The 2000s
- knowledge representation and mapping of the real world
- 3D GIS, time management
- graphic animations, simulations, and modeling
- GIS and Internet: consultation
- GIS and Internet: broadcast data, metadata, freeware
Today: software and hardware
- Lightweight software on personal computers: statistical mapping, raster systems, elementary automatic mapping
- More sophisticated systems dedicated to mapping publishing (Intergraph, MicroStation, Autocad...)
- Generalist GIS (MapInfo, ArcGIS, Arc/Info, SavGIS, Illwis,...)
- GIS specialized in a field (geology, hydrology, oceanography, remote sensing...)
Personal computers and screen capture have replaced workstations and tables to be digitized
GIS TRAINING
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